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[IP] the circus of public peering





Begin forwarded message:

From: Ophir Ronen <ophir@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: October 20, 2005 12:36:52 AM EDT
To: dave@xxxxxxxxxx
Subject: the circus of public peering



Dave,

While I've been out of the backbone business for some time now, I do have a modicum of insight into this problem. My former company, Internap, was created to resolve this specific issue. Internap built an infrastructure of PNAPs (private network access points) each of which connected to the ten largest Internet backbones; this provided excellent
coverage of the publicly reachable IP address space.

Internap rapidly became a very large customer of these backbones because each new PNAP necessitated a new circuit to each of those backbones. Each PNAP facility acted as a broker between the Internap customers attached to the PNAP and the backbone to which their traffic was intended. Internap customers compensated Internap and Internap subsequently compensated each backbone for their share of the traffic.

This situation created excellent economies of scale in the pricing of these interconnect circuits as well as providing a series of high performing and financially viable peering points. The backbones were compensated for the traffic sent to them and, in most cases, also enjoyed lessened pressure on their public peering points. This was due to Internap sending them direct customer traffic rather than transit
traffic.

IMO, the notion of public peering is flawed and has been since the Internet became commercial.

disclaimer: I have not worked for Internap for >4 years and have very little interest in them. I'm simply describing a model that worked without relying on public peering.

cheers.

-Ophir



Ophir Ronen
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Singlestep Technologies
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On Oct 19, 2005, at 1:23 PM, David J. Farber wrote:

===== Forwarded message from Daniel Berninger <dan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> =====

\From: Daniel Berninger <dan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
To: dave@xxxxxxxxxx
Subject: Level 3's de-peering of Cogent threatens the inter in Internet
Date: Wed, 19 Oct 2005 18:26:57 -0400

Dave,

For IP if of interest.  The dispute between Level 3 and Cogent remains
unresolved with Level 3 planning to de-peer Cogent again on November 9,
2005.

Best regards,

Dan

............................................
Daniel Berninger
VP, Senior Analyst
Tier1 Research
v: 202.250.3838
e: dan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
w: www.tier1research.com





Level 3's de-peering of Cogent threatens the inter in Internet

The anti-competitive instinct that leaves the US a laggard in Internet
access arrived as a threat to the Internet backbone business with Level 3's de-peering of Cogent on Wednesday, October 5, 2005. Level 3's move against Cogent marks an escalation of the tensions that threaten settlement free peering. It has the hallmarks of an anti-competitive strategy rather than
just a business decision about the merits of peering.  Businesses can
compete by improving the value proposition offered customers or they can attempt to injure the ability of other businesses to make competing offers. A wannabe monopolist accepts short term self injury as the price of reducing competition and winning future monopoly profits. Level 3's decision to make at least 15% of the Internet unreachable did not improve the value
proposition it offers customers.

A world without settlement free peering is a world without an Internet. Level 3's test of the restraint of trade option comes only six months before SBC and Verizon come together with collective scale five times larger than Level 3 and with far more experience in allocating markets. The refusal to
interconnect has always represented the weapon of choice for companies
seeking reduce competition in the communication business. AT&T used refusal
to interconnect to establish a monopoly over telephone service at the
beginning of the last century as did the Bell cartel at the beginning of this century. The antitrust remedy that led to the breakup of AT&T in 1984 arose to win interconnection for competing long distance companies. The story offered in Level 3's press release regarding Cogent comes straight out of the monopolists handbook. Level 3 disconnected Cogent to protect its
"investment" and end the "free ride" enjoyed by Cogent.

The increasing consolidation of Internet backbones inevitably brings out the toll collecting instincts, but the move against Cogent was less about a size
and more about a disparity in business models.  Level 3 CEO Crowe
consistently laments the lack of pricing power during quarterly earnings calls. He seems to blame Cogent for this lack of pricing power, but he should blame himself for debt and lavish spending on a network that prevent him from remaining price competitive. Punishing Cogent for keeping transit prices low does not begin to solve Level 3's troubles. Level 3 pays out in interest 25% of every dollar in communication revenue, but the company would still have a negative net income without interest payments. Level 3 enjoys an enterprise value equivalent to 75% of what Verizon plans to pay for MCI,
but MCI remains 10 times larger than Level 3 in communication revenue.
Level 3's problem remains the same as other backbones in the Internet access bottlenecks that limit traffic growth. Success in raising prices transit
prices will only reduce traffic volumes further.

The motivation for settlement free peering decreases as the disparity
between networks increases, but a concern for the long term health of the Internet should remain a part of the decision making process. Level 3's toll collecting ambitions conflict with its embrace of companies like Skype as the source of traffic to fill its network. The promise of the Internet depends on continuous cost performance improvements like every other area of the info tech industry. Level 3 benefits from cost performance improvements in processing power, storage, Internet access, and everywhere else in the IT value chain. Any success Level 3 achieves in raising prices will throttle
the Internet's growth.  Rising costs will shrink the types of viable
applications and associated data traffic setting in motion a vicious cycle where backbone companies will need to raise their prices still further. The replacement of settlement free peering with a toll collecting ethic means a
less connected and lower performing Internet.

Level 3's plan to raise backbone transport prices can't succeed by just de-peering Cogent. Level 3 needs SBC (AT&T) and Verizon (MCI) to de-peer Cogent. Qwest and Savvis (acquired C&W) look like the next most likely candidates to lose their Tier 1 ISP credentials. Level 3 might not even
make the cut if SBC and Verizon decide to embrace Sprint.  The smaller
backbones can use settlement free peering between each other to minimize dependence on the Tier 1 cartel, but Level 3's move against Cogent leads
inevitably to a period of arrested development.  The US government has
proven a friend of market power in the battles over Internet access. A
cartel of US companies controlling the Internet backbone provides yet
another reason for the UN to assert a role in Internet governance. If Level 3 proceeds with the plan of de-peering again on November 9, 2005, they should revise the empty sentiment of their "the network partner you can rely
on" motto.




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