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Session Token Remains Valid After Logout in IBM Lotus Domino Web Access



I. SYNOPSIS

Title: Session Token Remains Valid After Logout in IBM Lotus Domino Web Access 
7.0.1
Release Date: 09/12/2006
Affected Application: IBM Lotus Domino Web Access 7.0.1
(versions prior to 7.0.1 were not tested but may still be vulnerable).

Nominal Severity: Low
Severity If Successfully Exploited: High
Impact: Attacker impersonates legitimate user
Mitigating Factors: Requires discovery of a valid LtpaToken to exploit.

Discovery: Dave Ferguson, Security Consultant, FishNet Security
Initial Notification of Vendor: 08/28/2006
Permanent Advisory Location:
http://www.fishnetsecurity.com/csirt/disclosure/ibm

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Vulnerability Overview:

In Lotus Domino Web Access (DWA) 7.0.1, the session token used to identify the 
user (called "LtpaToken") is not invalidated on the server upon user logout.  
The cookie is removed from the browser, but the token continues to be 
recognized by the server until a configurable expiration time is reached.

Attack Overview:

The most likely attack scenario is session hijacking or session stealing.  
Knowing a valid session token would allow a malicious person to access all 
functionality of the web application (except changing password, which requires 
knowledge of the current password).  Lotus DWA is a personal information 
management application that includes e-mail, calendar, and task management.  By 
hijacking (or stealing) a session, an attacker is able to impersonate a 
legitimate user, and can read the user's e-mail, send e-mail as the user, or 
change the user's preference settings.

III. TECHNICAL DETAIL

Vulnerability Details:

When a Lotus DWA user logs in, a cookie called "LtpaToken" is set into the 
browser and is used throughout the session to uniquely identify the user.  When 
a user logs out of DWA, the cookie is cleared from the browser, but this action 
has no effect on the server.  The token eventually expires on the server after 
some configurable amount of time.  A user who explicitly logs out of DWA may 
have a false sense of security.  The LtpaToken cookie in his browser is 
deleted, but the token is still valid from the server's perspective and can be 
used by an attacker if he can discover it.  Best practices in web application 
security would call for the LtpaToken to be invalidated/destroyed at logout 
time.  Note that the vulnerability described here was observed with Session 
authentication under the Domino Web Engine tab set to "Multiple Servers (SSO)". 
 The same behavior may occur with the "Single Server" configuration as well, 
but this was not tested.

The "LtpaToken" described here is a component in IBM's Lightweight Third-Party 
Authentication (LTPA) technology.  The LTPA technology was designed to be a 
defacto standard across the IBM product family. LTPA is used in both IBM 
WebSphere and Lotus Domino products and allows for single sign-on across 
physical servers.  For example, Domino can recognize and accept LTPA tokens 
created by WebSphere.  For more information, please see the IBM redpaper at 
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpieces/pdfs/redp4104.pdf

IV. MITIGATING FACTORS

Keeping the LtpaToken confidential is critical to mitigating this issue.  An 
attacker must be able to discover a valid LtpaToken before it expires.  Because 
the LtpaToken is sent with each request, Lotus DWA should be deployed as a 
secure application.  This means an SSL certificate should be installed on the 
server so that encrypted (https) communication between the browser and the 
server occurs.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a common application-level attack that can be 
used to steal cookies such as LtpaToken.  Running the application under SSL 
does not hinder XSS attacks.  Fortunately, Lotus Domino includes a module 
called Active Content Filter that is highly effective at removing potentially 
harmful scripts in e-mail messages.  Active Content Filtering should be turned 
on.

Finally, the overall risk level can be lowered by enabling an idle session 
timeout in addition to the absolute expiration time.  Ideally, from an 
application security perspective, the idle (inactivity) timeout would be much 
smaller than the absolute expiration.  Be aware that the increased security 
from having small timeout values may negatively affect end-user satisfaction in 
the application.

V. VENDOR RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

IBM recommends running Lotus DWA run under SSL and using a token expiration 
time of 30 minutes.

Please see IBM technote #1245589:
http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?rs=463&uid=swg21245589

VI. CONTACT

You can reach the author of this advisory at: 
dave.ferguson[at]fishnetsecurity(dot)com