TCP timestamp & advanced fingerprinting
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Hello,
attached is a paper from one of our students about using the TCP
timestamps in TCP headers as a fingerprinting tip, which can ultimately
be used for mapping networks behind firewalls.
Erwan Arzur
EPITA/EPITECH systems Laboratory
http://www.lse.epita.fr/
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Advisory - March 19th 2005
Advanced fingerprinting on TCP timestamping - defeat the IP masquerade !
Original advisory on http://www.lse.epita.fr/publications.php
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Synopsis :
- ----------
This network oriented advisory explains how to fingerprint network
services on a remote host. After reading this paper you will be able to
circumvent the illusion given by IP maquerading that network services are
hosted by a single computer.
Intro :
- -------
While working on this technique I found some papers related to TCP
timestamping and applicable to fingerprinting, but none of these papers I read
has covered the issue developed in the current advisory.
[Note added on March 24th 2005 : a whitepaper about "physical
device fingerprinting" has been released in March during the time I was working
on the current issue. You may find it at
http://www.caida.org/outreach/papers/2005/fingerprinting/]
If you know tools applying such methods, feel free to contact me.
Either way, I made a small scanner which acts as a proof-of-concept tool. You
may find it on http://www.lse.epita.fr/developpements.php or at
http://www.frhack.org/masqb/.
There is a well-known fingerprinting method which is based on TCP
timestamps, allowing to detect for how long a computer has been up. This
method was first used by the website netcraft.com and is now a common feature of
tools like nmap. We will first explain the history of this method.
Then, when you understand how TCP timestamping works, a detailed
analysis of various operating systems should reveal how analyzing timestamps
further can be used in breaking IP masquerades.
TCP Timestamping :
- ------------------
On March 11st 2001, Bret McDanel published an introduction on the
security mailing list Bugtraq describing the feature of the netcraft.com website
to offer it's visitors an overview about the current and average uptime of
specific operating systems running on the machines that provide the base
for popular websites.
TCP timestamping (optional TCP field) is explained in RFC (Request For
Comments) 1323 and is a method used notably in PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped
Sequence Numbers).
But we will just keep in mind the elements brought to us by McDanel :
the TCP timestamping is not of a security concern, however the way operating
systems manage their TCP timestamping is "interesting" : it allows a remote
client to guess, if he recognizes the operating system (OS fingerprinting), the
time the machine is up.
When you start up your BSD, by example, the operating system increments,
as explained by McDanel, the timestamp value of one point each 500 milliseconds.
By grabbing the value of timestamp of such operating system you can guess for
how long it is still running.
The RFC does not give many indications on how timestamps should be
managed inside operating systems, only that it should increase according to
the fact that "it must be at least approximately proportional to real time".
Here is the format of this optional TCP field :
1 1 4 4
+-------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|Kind=8 | size =10 | TS Value (TSval) |TS Echo Reply (TSecr)|
+-------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
There are a few limitations that appear in the prediction of the actual
uptime.
First the length of a timestamp value in a TCP packet is 4 bytes, so it
will roll over when the value crosses the limit of 2^32. Additionally, some
operating systems (Windows being the example from McDanel), may not
instantly start to increase their timestamp once the system has been booted up.
TCP timestamps values are inserted in many TCP packets (such as SYN,
ACK...) but timestamp replies are mainly part of ACK packets. RFC 1323 gives the
following schema :
TCP A TCP B
<A,TSval=1,TSecr=120> ------>
<---- <ACK(A),TSval=127,TSecr=1>
<B,TSval=5,TSecr=127> ------>
<---- <ACK(B),TSval=131,TSecr=5>
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
<C,TSval=65,TSecr=131> ------>
<---- <ACK(C),TSval=191,TSecr=65>
The TCP stacks of Linux kernels (2.4 and 2.6) natively set a timestamp
value in their SYN packets, but Windows-based operating systems does not.
The TCP stacks of Linux kernels (2.4 and 2.6, again...) natively set a
timestamp value in SYN/ACK packets, but again Windows does not.
So, now you should be able to understand that it is important to analyze
how various TCP stacks react with setting their timestamps inside the packets if
we want to take advantage of these differences.
Breaking the masquerade :
- -------------------------
The first thing I did was performing an experiment with a simple sniffer
and common SYN packets sent from a Linux box. This test was intended to report
if a specific operating system replies a timestamp value (TSval) in a SYN/ACK
packet and if the incrementation is predictable (you may predict on two
successive connections that next value in second connection will be higher than
in first).
+======================+=================+==============+===================+
| Operating system | answers a TSval*| use TSval | predictible TSval |
+======================+=================+==============+===================+
| Linux 2.6/grsec | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| Linux 2.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| OpenBSD 3.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| FreeBSD 5.3 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| NetBSD 2.0 | No | Yes | No |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| Windows 2000/SP4 | No | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| Windows XP/SP2 | No | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| Windows 2003 | No | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| MacOS X | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| Solaris 9 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
+----------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+
| OSF1 4.0 | No | No | - |
+===========================================================================+
*: in SYN/ACK packet
It can be noted that some systems are less verbose than other during the
three way handshake connection.
The sidenote that the timestamp is predictable (or quite predictable at
least) bears a subtle reason : if the timestamp were to be defined randomly or
zeroed for each new connection, it would be quite impossible to compare it to
existing data we already collected.
So, what is this all about now ? First, the implementations of packets
carrying timestamps and other packets not carrying timestamps in the different
operating systems allows for a possible distinction of the operating systems
that have generated those packets.
Second, it would be possible to differentiate between machines where the
packets are coming from by looking at and comparing separate timestamp values.
And last but not least, looking at TTL values should also reveal the relative
"distance" in hops to the machine providing the services you are looking at.
That means, for example, that you may be able to detect whether a given
web site runs on only one web server or multiple machines behind some kind
of firewall or load balancer, sitting in a local LAN and being presented with
only one global IP to the WAN.
Another strong advantage of the proposed method is that you can
enumerate the machines behind an IP masquerade, and, with timestamp analysis,
link together the web services with the corresponding system. It is the method
implemented in the proof-of-concept software I designed.
$ ./masqb 10.42.42.42 21 22 80 443
(...)
Results for 10.42.42.42 :
[+] System A listens the following ports : 21
[+] System B listens the following ports : 22
[+] System C listens the following ports : 80 443
Game over.
As Windows sends timestamp values in each established connections, only
NetBSD and OSF1 are not covered by this problem.
NetBSD 2.0 initializes timestamp at 0 in each new connection, OSF1 does
nothing.
If services are forwarded on both a Linux system and a NetBSD, you
should be able to easily detect it.
If services are forwarded from a set of homogeneous NetBSD or OSF1
systems, then you will hardly obtain any valueable results.
Finishing this advisory, I can conclude that this technique applies to
the magnitude of systems available on the public Internet.
The only thing you need is at least two open ports with services
accepting and serving incoming connections (one port for load balancing
detection).
It has already been successfully used for retrieving information about
network physical infrastructures and network services behind firewalls and
various forms of routers.
Solution :
- ----------
Can your firewall defuse the timestamp ? Else take a look at :
$ sysctl -a | grep tcp_timestamps
- -- Author : Clad Strife.
LSE - Epita/Epitech System Laboratory
++ Thanks to : Alexander Gabert (grammar expert and much more ;-)), gumleef
(also an expert of something, don't ask me what...), Hal9000 (sysctl expert).
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