International Domain Name [IDN] support in modern browsers allows attackers to spoof domain name URLs + SSL certs.
The state of homograph attacks
I. Background
International Domain Name [IDN] support in modern browsers allows attackers to
spoof domain name URLs + SSL certs.
II. Description
In December 2001, a paper was released describing Homograph attacks [1]. This
new attack allows an attacker/phisher to spoof the domain/URLs of businesses.
At the time this paper was written, no browsers had implemented Unicode/UTF8
domain name resolution.
Fast forward to today: Verisign has championed International Domain Names
(IDN) [2]. RACES has been replaced with PUNYCODE [3]. Every recent
gecko/khtml based browser implements IDN (which is just about every browser
[4]
except for IE; plug-in are available [5]).
III. The details
Proof of concept URL:
http://www.shmoo.com/idn/
Clicking on any of the two links in the above webpage using anything but IE
should result in a spoofed paypal.com webpage.
The links are directed at "http://www.pаypal.com/";, which the browsers
punycode handlers render as www.xn--pypal-4ve.com.
This is one example URL - - there are now many ways to display any domain name
on a browser, as there are a huge number of codepages/scripts which look very
similar to latin charsets.
Phishing attacks are the largest growing class of attacks on the internet
today. I find it amusing that one of the large early adopters of IDN offer an
'Anti-Phishing Solution' [6].
Finally, as a business trying to protect their identity, IDN makes their life
very difficult. It is expected there will be many domain name related
conflicts related to IDN.
Vulnerable browsers include (but are not limited to):
Most mozilla-based browsers (Firefox 1.0, Camino .8.5, Mozilla 1.6, etc)
Safari 1.2.5
Opera 7.54
Omniweb 5
Other comment:
There are some inconsistencies with how the browsers match the host name
with the Common Name (CN) in the SSL cert. Most browsers seem to match the
punycode encoded hostname with the CN, yet a few (try to) match the raw UTF8
with the CN. In practice, this makes it impossible to provide 'SSL' services
effectively, ignoring the fact that IE doesn't yet support them.
IV. Detection
There are a few methods to detect that you are under a spoof attack. One
easy
method is to cut & paste the url you are accessing into notepad or some other
tool (under OSX, paste into a terminal window) which will allow you to view
what character set/pagecode the string is in. You can also view the details
of
the SSL cert, to see if it's using a punycode wrapped version of the domain
(starting with the string 'xn-'.
V. Workaround
You can disable IDN support in mozilla products by setting 'network.enableIDN'
to false. There is no workaround known for Opera or Safari.
VI. Vendor Responses
Verisign: No response yet.
Apple: No response yet.
Opera: They believe they have correctly implemented IDN, and will not be
making any changes.
Mozilla: Working on finding a good long-term solution; provided clear
workaround for disabling IDN.
VII. Timeline
2002 - Original paper published on homograph attacks
2002-2005 - Verisign pushes IDN, and browsers start adding support for it
Jan 19, 2005 - Vendors notified of vulnerability
Feb 6, 2005 - Public disclosure @shmoocon 2005
VIII. Copyright
This paper is copyright 2005, Eric Johanson ericj@xxxxxxxxx
Assistance provided by:
- The Shmoo Group
- The Ghetto Hackers
Thank you, you know who you are.
References:
[1] http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gabr/papers/homograph.html
[2]
http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/naming-services/internationalized-domain-names/index.html
[3] http://mct.verisign-grs.com/index.shtml
[4]
http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/naming-services/internationalized-domain-names/page_002201.html#01000002
[5] http://www.idnnow.com/index.jsp
[6] http://www.verisign.com/verisign-business-solutions/anti-phishing-solutions/
You can view the paper here:
http://www.shmoo.com/idn/homograph.txt